Research to identify plant bioactive compounds led to the evolution of extraction methods. This study optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to extract the flavonoids of Croton grewioides Baill. species contributing to characterize the polar extract profile and understand the antioxidant potential of these plant constituents. The use of experimental design and statistical treatments enabled the determination of the ideal conditions for each technique. The extracts of five accessions of C. grewioides were obtained under the optimized extraction conditions and were analyzed using ultra high-resolution mass spectrometry (FT-Orbitrap MS) operating at negative ionization mode for flavonoids detection. The accurate experimental mass obtained to the main compounds was used to attribute the molecular formula. Chemical structures of the main compounds detected were proposed using structure data bases. Chemometric analysis were performed with two FT-Orbitrap MS spectra samples using the identified metabolites and, the antioxidant activity data, showing that for this species the MAE was most effective in extracting the antioxidant compounds. It was possible to propose the structures for forty compounds in the C. grewioides extracts, demonstrating the excellent performance of the FT-Orbitrap MS in providing information on the chemical profile of polar compounds in plant extracts. methods ultrasoundassisted ultrasound assisted UAE (UAE microwaveassisted microwave (MAE Baill constituents technique C highresolution high resolution FTOrbitrap FT Orbitrap detection formula bases

ABSTRACT The covid-19 pandemic brought up several economic and socio-environmental issues, including the fragility of the Brazilian population given the current sanitary condition of the country. Understanding how this has been behaving has become fundamental for the basis of public policies aimed at controlling the pandemic. Therefore, this study aimed to know the relationship of vulnerability related to the lack/inefficiency of sanitation and the spread of covid-19, considering the 27 Federative Units of Brazil. For this, health, basic sanitation, and sociodemographic variables were used, and Factor Analysis was applied to calculate the Covid-19 Health Vulnerability Index. The analysis showed an inverse correlation between health and sanitation variables, attesting that the higher the proportion of the population with access to sanitation services, the lower the incidence rate of covid-19. The results showed that the states of the North and Northeast regions have greater vulnerability to covid-19 when compared to the others, derived from the low reach of sanitation services, especially in the state of Pará, which ranked first in the national vulnerability ranking.

RESUMO A pandemia de covid-19 trouxe à tona diversas questões econômicas e socioambientais, dentre elas a fragilidade da população brasileira diante da atual condição sanitária do país. Assim sendo, este estudo se propôs a conhecer a relação de vulnerabilidade relacionada à falta/ineficiência do saneamento e a disseminação de covid-19, considerando as 27 Unidades Federativas do Brasil. Para isso, foram utilizadas variáveis de saúde, saneamento básico e sociodemográficas e aplicada a metodologia de Análise Fatorial para calcular o Índice de Vulnerabilidade Sanitária à Covid-19. A análise apontou correlação inversa entre variáveis de saúde e saneamento, atestando que quanto maior a proporção da população com acesso aos serviços de saneamento, menor a taxa de incidência de covid-19. Os resultados mostraram ainda que os estados das Regiões Norte e Nordeste possuem maior vulnerabilidade à covid-19 quando comparados aos demais, ocasionada pelo baixo alcance dos serviços de saneamento, com destaque para o estado do Pará, que ocupou o primeiro lugar no ranking nacional de vulnerabilidade.

Croton grewioides Baill. popularly known as “canelinha” or “canelinha-de-cheiro” has been used for the treatment of influenza, antitussive, febrifuge and headache; however, the study of its phytochemical composition is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the extraction method and seasonality through leaf extracts of four accessions of Croton grewioides by fingerprint chromatograms aided by principal component analysis to analyze the differences and similarities among the samples. We aimed also to provide chemical characterization of isolated secondary metabolites using semi-preparative liquid chromatography. The results showed that only the chemical profile of the methanolic extracts of accessions 101 and 113 were influenced by the seasonality. For the first time, four flavonoids were isolated through semi-preparative chromatography in this species, characterized as quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside-(1→6)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (1), quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-apiopyranoside-(1→6)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (2), quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside (3) and 3-O-methyl-quercetin (4), the flavonoid (2) has been recognized as a new triglycosylated derivative.

The methodology developed in this study through the acquisition of fingerprint chromatograms by liquid chromatography-diode array detector (LC-DAD), aided by principal component analysis, made it possible to assess, in a rational way, the chemical differences between six accessions of Lippia alba and to verify the influence of the method of extraction, the seasonality and the individuality of each accession on chemical composition of its extracts. Among all extracts analyzed against cancer cell lines, eight of them showed to be more promising against a human leukemia cell line (HL-60), displaying cell growth inhibition percentage ranging between 40.0 and 52.0%. In the inhibitory activity assays against acetylcholinesterase enzyme, all extracts showed weak inhibitory effect, with highlight only for six of them, which displayed inhibition ranging between 27.0 and 32.0%.

The phytochemical investigation of the alkaloid-rich fraction obtained from the leaves of Guatteria pogonopus Mart. (Annonaceae) allowed the isolation and identification for the first time in this species of: (+)-nornuciferine (1), a mixture of 1 and (+)-anonaine (2), (+)-isocorydine (3), (+)-nuciferine (4), (+)-roemerine (5), (-)-tetrahydropseudocolumbamine (6), a mixture of 6, liriodenine (9) and lysicamine (10), a mixture of 1,2,9-trimethoxy-10-hydroxyaporphine (7) and bulbocapnine (8), 9, 10, and (+)-N-methyllindicarpine (11). Compounds 6, 7, 8, and 11 have not been previously reported in the family Annonaceae. Furthermore, the formerly synthetic 1,2,9-trimethoxyaporfin-10-ol (7) is described for the first time as a natural aporphine alkaloid herein. The chemical structures were established by 1D and 2D NMR as well as in comparison with data previously reported in the literature. The cytotoxic activity of the alkaloids was evaluated against tumor (B16-F10, HepG2, HL-60, and K562) and non-tumor (PBMC) cell lines. Alkaloid 1 presented significant activity against HepG2 cell lines with IC50 of 9.60 µmol L-1 while the mixture of 6, 9 and 10 displayed strong cytotoxic activity against HL-60 and K562 cell lines with IC50 values of 3.41 an 8.50 µmol L-1, respectively.

The genus Lippia comprises approximately 200 species of herbs, shrubs and small trees, distributed throughout the South and Central America and tropical Africa. The species Lippia gracilis Schauer is an endemic aromatic plant of the Brazilian Northeast normally found in the states of Bahia, Sergipe and Piauí. The traditional communities of Caatinga, a semi-arid region of the Brazilian Northeast, use its leaves to treat throat and mouth infections, cutaneous diseases, ulcers, vagina disorders, acne, Pityriasis alba, dandruff, burns, wounds, sinusitis, bronchitis, nasal congestion, headache, jaundice and paralysis. Considering that the main investigations into the L. gracilis Schauer species are focused on its volatile constituents, in this report, we describe the isolation, by liquid chromatography with diode array detector-solid phase extraction/nuclear magnetic resonance (LC-DAD-SPE/NMR), of five flavonoids besides free and glycosidically bound carvacrol from an infusion of the leaves of a genotype of this species.

Insecticidal activity of essential oils of Pelargonium graveolens, Lippia alba and compounds geraniol, linalool, 1,8-cineole, limonene, carvone, citral and Azamax® were evaluated against Spodoptera frugiperda. Topical application assay showed essential oil of P. graveolens has acute toxicity against Spodoptera frugiperda larvae (third instar) with LD50 1.13 µg/mg per insect and LD90 2.56 µg/mg per insect. Three essential oils of L. alba also exhibited insecticidal activity with LD50 ranging from 1.20 to 1.56 µg/mg per insect and LD90 from 2.60 to 3.75 µg/mg per insect. Geraniol, linalool, carvone and citral caused significant mortality of 30, 90, 84 and 64% respectively, compared to negative control. The bioinsecticide, Azamax®, caused lower mortality than the compounds of the essential oils.

The biological activity of seven extracts from leaves of different Jatropha curcas L (Euphorbiaceae) accessions was evaluated on Spodoptera frugiperda. Methanol extracts were incorporated into an artificial diet and offered to the larval stage of S. frugiperda. The parameters evaluated were length of larval and pupal stages, mortality of larval and total cycle stage, and weight of pupae. The extracts of the EMB accessions showed the best result for larval mortality at 60.00 and 56.67%, compared with the control, respectively. Hexane partition of the methanol extract of the leaves of PM-14 accessions allowed the identification of phytosterols, phytol and n-alkanols.

Phytochemical investigation of the hexane extract from the stem of Xylopia laevigata led to the isolation of the ent-kaurane diterpenoids, ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid, 4-epi-kaurenic acid, ent-16β-hydroxy-17-acetoxy-kauran-19-al, ent-3β-hydroxy-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid, and ent-16β,17-dihydroxy-kauran-19-oic acid, as well as spathulenol and a mixture of β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol. The identification of the compounds was performed on the basis of spectrometric methods including GC-MS, IR, and 1D and 2D NMR. Potent larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae with LC50 of 62.7 µg mL-1 was found for ent-3β-hydroxy-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid. This compound also showed significant antifungal activity against Candida glabrata and Candida dubliniensis with MIC values of 62.5 µg mL-1.

In order to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on the content of secondary metabolites, the chemical profiles of infusions from leaves of seven genotypes of Lippia gracilis Schauer, sourced from two locations (Sergipe and Bahia state) and collected during different seasons: summer (with and without irrigation) and winter, were determined by HPLC-DAD. The fingerprint chromatograms were analyzed by PCA to evaluate similarities and differences among the samples. Results revealed differences among genotypes collected and cultivated under the same conditions, suggesting that three genotypes have greater resistance to drought conditions.

A gestão por competências tem merecido crescente atenção por parte de profissionais e acadêmicos desde seu surgimento. Sobre o setor público, percebe-se uma lacuna no que diz respeito a estudos teóricos ou empíricos que se refiram aos níveis estadual e municipal, e, do mesmo modo, no que se refere a seu primeiro escalão. O presente artigo relata a construção de um instrumento de medida para diagnóstico de competências de prefeitos(as) e secretários(as) municipais, realizada por meio de entrevistas com 17 pessoas exercendo o mandato, e sua validação com uma amostra de 455 outros sujeitos iniciando e concluindo mandatos. Os indicadores obtidos na análise fatorial sugerem a validade psicométrica do instrumento e a estrutura empírica está consistente com a teoria sobre competências.

Competencies management has deserved increasing attention on the part of professionals and academics since it was proposed. In the public sector, a gap is perceived on theoretical or empirical studies concerning the state and municipal levels of the administration and also their decision level. This article describes the construction of an instrument to measure competencies of mayors and municipal secretaries, carried out through 17 interviews with on the job participants, and its validation with a sample of 455 other subjects initiating or ending their political mandates. The results suggest psychometric validity of the instrument and the empirical structure is in accordance with the competencies theory.

A Doença de Crohn, uma forma de doença inflamatória intestinal, é frequente em mulheres em idade reprodutiva. Seu acompanhamento requer maior atenção durante a gravidez. Apresentamos caso de doença de Crohn refratária em paciente grávida que evoluiu com ileocolectomia no puerpério. Foi revista a literatura sobre doença de Crohn na gravidez, incluindo aconselhamento das pacientes e investigação de doença ativa, além de sintetizados os dados existentes sobre a segurança dos medicamentos usados para tratá-la durante a gravidez e amamentação.

The Crohn's disease, a form of inflammatory bowel disease, is frequent in women of childbearing age. Its management requires greater attention during pregnancy. We report a case of refractory Crohn's disease in a pregnant patient that evolued to ileocolectomy at puerperium. The literature regarding pregnant patients with Crohn's disease was reviewed, including counseling of patients and investigation of active disease, and the existing data was summarized on the safety of medications used to treat Crohn's disease in pregnancy and breastfeeding.

No mundo do trabalho, espera-se cada vez mais que os indivíduos sejam capazes de aprender a aprender e tomem a iniciativa de seu próprio aprendizado. Nesse contexto, cresce em importância a compreensão dos fatores individuais relacionados à aprendizagem. O presente relato descreve a adaptação e validação de um instrumento de medida de um desses fatores: as estratégias de aprendizagem no trabalho, entendidas como esforços empreendidos pelo indivíduo para realizar a aprendizagem. Partindo de uma escala já validada para o contexto de uma organização do setor bancário, utilizou-se uma amostra composta por 90 prefeitos(as) e 365 secretários(as) municipais, em virtude da intensa demanda por aprendizado que as condições de trabalho dessas pessoas ensejam. Os resultados da análise fatorial indicaram uma estrutura de cinco fatores (reflexão extrínseca e intrínseca, busca de ajuda em material escrito, busca de ajuda interpessoal, aplicação prática e reprodução) consistente com os resultados obtidos com outras amostras.

At the workplace, individuals are increasingly expected to be able to learn how to learn and to take the initiative of their own learning process. In this context, understanding of individual factors related to learning gains in importance. This report describes the adaptation and validation of an instrument for the measurement of one of these factors, denominated learning strategies at work, understood as the efforts undertaken by the individual to carry out his or her own learning process in working contexts. Based on a scale already validated in a banking sector organization, the adapted measure was applied to a sample of 90 Mayors and 365 Municipal Secretaries, due to the huge learning demand imposed to them by their working conditions. Results of factor analysis indicated a five factor structure (extrinsic and intrinsic reflection, search for help in written material, search for interpersonal help, practical application and reproduction) that is consistent with the results obtained with other samples.

A estrutura cristalina de uma hidroxiapatita sintética com 12,8(±0,64)% em peso de íons CO3(2-) foi analisada por difração de raios X através do método de Rietveld de refinamento utilizando as funções Pearson VII e pseudo-Voigt para o ajuste do perfil. Os resultados obtidos para os parâmetros da célula unitária, quando comparados à amostra de referência de hidroxiapatita, mostraram contração do parâmetro a (=b) e uma expansão do c, não havendo variações significativas para as diferentes funções de ajuste utilizadas. A separação dos alargamentos anisotrópicos das reflexões decorrentes das microdeformações da célula unitária indicou que esse efeito é dominante no alargamento das linhas de reflexão, notadamente para os planos (hkl) com distância interplanar inferior a 2,24 Å. Foram notadas modificações nas coordenadas atômicas dos átomos do C nos sítios referentes aos grupos PO4(3-) (sítio B) e OH- (sítio A). Os tamanhos médios dos cristalitos em nanômetros estimados nas direções (002) e (300) mostraram morfologia aproximadamente equiaxial. Os valores para o teor em peso de íons carbonato na amostra foram de 11,72 (±0,64)% com a Pearson VII e 13,20 (±0,64)% com a função pseudo-Voigt. O refinamento dos fatores ocupacionais dos átomos de C nos dois sítios considerados PO4(3-) (B) e OH- (A) indicou maior presença desse íon no sítio B. Entretanto a ocupação relativa do átomo C no sítio B foi menor do que a observada no sítio A.

The crystal structure of the synthetic hydroxyapatite with 12.8 (±0,64) wt. % CO3(2-) ion content was analyzed by X-ray diffraction using the Rietveld refinement method employing Pearson VII and pseudo-Voigt functions to fit the X-ray profile. The results obtained for unit cell parameters when compared to pattern hydroxyapatite showed a decrease in the a (=b) parameter and an increase in the c parameter without significant difference between the functions employed. The separation of the anisotropic broadening of reflections originated from unit cell strains indicated that this effect is dominant in reflection line broadening, principally to hkl plans with an interatomic distance lower than 2,24 Å. Modifications in the atomic coordinates of C atom were noted mainly in PO4(3-) (B site) and OH- (A site) sites. The average crystallite size in the crystallography axis directions (002 and 300) suggests equiaxial morphology. The results obtained to CO3(2-) content were 11.72 (±0,64) wt. % to Pearson VII and 13.20 (±0,64) wt. % to pseudo-Voigt function. The refinement of the occupancy factors to C atoms in both sites PO4(3-)(B) and OH- (A) indicated higher insertion in phosphate site than hydroxide site. However, the relative occupancy of the C atom observed in the B site is lower than in the A site.

Este estudo teve como objetivos caracterizar a comunidade de aves de manguezais na baía de Paranaguá e comparar descritivamente a comunidade das três áreas amostradas, diferentes em relação à proximidade de centros urbanos. Foram amostradas sazonalmente, entre setembro de 1997 a setembro 1998, três áreas de manguezais a diferentes distâncias da cidade e do porto de Paranaguá. A avifauna foi registrada em transectos de 200m no interior dos manguezais e em observações de 1 hora em pontos fixos. Foram determinadas freqüência, abundancia relativa e densidade de espécies em cada área. Foram observadas 81 espécies de aves nas três áreas de manguezais. As guildas mais significativas foram das espécies consumidoras de frutos, sementes e artrópodos de copa e das predadoras de insetos em vôo. As espécies mais freqüentes e abundantes foram Egretta caerulea, Ceryle torquata, Chloroceryle amazona, Pitangus sulphuratus Turdus amaurochalinus e Parula pitiayumi. Esta comunidade é uma das mais ricas dos manguezais brasileiros atualmente estudados e se destaca por ser composta principalmente por aves que também ocorrem nas florestas de restinga ao redor. Algumas diferenças entre as áreas amostradas podem ser decorrentes dos impactos ocasionados pela proximidade dos centros urbanos. Além de contribuir significativamente para o conhecimento deste ecossistema, os resultados do presente estudo poderão servir de base para planos de conservação dos ambientes de influencia flúvio-marinha no estado do Paraná.

This study describes the mangrove bird community of Paranaguá Bay in Paraná - South Brazil. Seasonal surveys were conducted during September 1997 to September 1998 at three sites in Paranaguá Bay. Frequencies and abundances of birds were registered in 200m transects and one hour point counts. A total of 81 bird species were observed in the three sampling sites. Most of the bird species in Paranaguá mangroves are fruits, seeds and arthropods consumers, and predators of flying insects. The most frequent and abundant species were Egretta caerulea, Ceryle torquata, Chloroceryle amazona, Pitangus sulphuratus, Turdus amaurochalinus and Parula pitiayumi. The bird community of these three sites is composed mainly by forest bird species. The mangroves of Paranaguá Bay shelter one of the richest avifauna of Brazilian mangroves. Differences between sampling sites could be related to the proximity of the Paranaguá city and human impacts in the areas. Only in the most disturbed site were observed Passer domesticus and large flocks of Coragyps atratus. This study contributed to the knowledge of mangrove communities, and could be an important basis to fluvial-marine conservation plans in Paraná- Brazil.